WEBVTT 00:00:00.066 --> 00:00:07.102 - Okay, we're about ready. So welcome to another program of the Monroe County History Club. It's a beautiful 00:00:07.102 --> 00:00:13.743 - day, and it's great that you guys, you could be anywhere you want, and you chose to be here with us. 00:00:13.743 --> 00:00:20.910 - So thanks for showing up, everybody. Welcome to my wife, Paulette, and my cousins who attend here regularly. 00:00:20.910 --> 00:00:27.748 - A list of sheets of paper on the tables, it's the usual stuff, the upcoming programs for the next year. 00:00:27.748 --> 00:00:29.918 - And there's quite a few of them, 00:00:30.082 --> 00:00:38.744 - Really interesting ones. Many thanks to the American Legion for allowing us to have these programs. 00:00:38.744 --> 00:00:47.406 - We've been doing it now for 13 years, over 13 years. Yeah. And thanks so much to the wait staff and 00:00:47.406 --> 00:00:56.415 - kitchen staff. Today, Amanda is here, and she's accompanied by her mother, Kelly. So thanks for putting 00:00:56.415 --> 00:00:58.494 - in her time to help us. 00:00:59.906 --> 00:01:08.377 - Please be generous with the servers. And of course, I'd like to thank CATS TV, as always, for recording 00:01:08.377 --> 00:01:16.685 - these programs. And it's been almost 11 years. So we've got like 120 recorded programs on our YouTube 00:01:16.685 --> 00:01:24.830 - channel going way back. Dave is our camera guy today, as he is most times. He does a wonderful job. 00:01:24.830 --> 00:01:27.518 - It's an important service to us. 00:01:28.034 --> 00:01:34.613 - As it allows us to upload each program to YouTube, we can't make it to the live programs. It allows 00:01:34.613 --> 00:01:41.325 - us to preserve our local history for future generations. Also, thanks to those who watch the programs 00:01:41.325 --> 00:01:48.036 - on YouTube. Much appreciated. I hear from transplanted Bloomingtonians all over the country who watch 00:01:48.036 --> 00:01:53.694 - these and are thankful that they get to see them. Do we have any new attendees today? 00:01:55.394 --> 00:02:02.424 - If you want to leave your email address with me, it's fine. They would put you on your, on our direct 00:02:02.424 --> 00:02:09.522 - mailing list if you like. It's also on Facebook, but not everybody is on Facebook. And speaking to the 00:02:09.522 --> 00:02:15.518 - emails, Steve Brewer helps me with that a lot. Thanks to Steve for everything he does. 00:02:22.594 --> 00:02:27.911 - If you I'm Steve if you've seen the mailings you might check your junk mail or if you have friends who 00:02:27.911 --> 00:02:33.590 - wonder why they're not being notified We try to stay really on top of this Michael and I are in communication 00:02:33.590 --> 00:02:38.804 - But a couple different people including our guest speaker today Has not been getting the emails even 00:02:38.804 --> 00:02:44.121 - though he's in the system So you may want to check with friends and make sure they're not being posted 00:02:44.121 --> 00:02:46.238 - in your junk mail. Okay? Good idea Steve 00:02:51.074 --> 00:02:57.340 - I'll read something here about one of our sister organizations. This is for Bloomington newcomers and 00:02:57.340 --> 00:03:03.668 - neighbors. It invites people to watch a program called Courage of the Face of Hate, Hoosiers Who Stood 00:03:03.668 --> 00:03:09.996 - Against the Klan, presented by Dr. James Madison, Professor Emeritus of History of Indiana University. 00:03:09.996 --> 00:03:16.201 - That'll be Tuesday, October the 13th, right here at the American Legion, 1130 for lunch and 1230 for 00:03:16.201 --> 00:03:19.518 - the presentation. And it's free, it's much like ours. 00:03:20.514 --> 00:03:29.224 - So you're welcome to come to that if you like. And this leads to today. Today's speaker is David Nord. 00:03:29.224 --> 00:03:37.935 - And Dave has given at least five presentations, right? Maybe six? At least five, I'm pretty sure about 00:03:37.935 --> 00:03:46.476 - that. So he's no stranger to here. He's a great speaker. And he happens to be the official historian 00:03:46.476 --> 00:03:47.998 - of Monroe County. 00:03:49.090 --> 00:03:56.856 - So we are pleased and honored to have him attend and do another one of our programs. The program is 00:03:56.856 --> 00:04:04.078 - called The Lay of the Land, Geography and the Development of Manufacturing in Monroe County, 00:04:04.078 --> 00:04:12.232 - 1820 to 1890. And we're sure to learn something here because I don't know anything about that. So David. 00:04:12.232 --> 00:04:18.910 - Thanks, Mike. My computer went to sleep while Mike was talking. I don't know if that. 00:04:19.298 --> 00:04:30.558 - but I'll wake it up here. Okay, all right, we'll wake it up. So what I want to talk about with you today 00:04:30.558 --> 00:04:41.817 - is this question, why are we here? And this, I don't mean this as a religious or philosophical question. 00:04:41.817 --> 00:04:46.750 - It's just a place question, it's about place. 00:04:48.514 --> 00:04:58.095 - OK, I don't want to get too much. Is that OK now? OK. Why are we here? Why are we in this particular 00:04:58.095 --> 00:05:08.056 - place? So it's a question about geography. And I want you to think about geography as two separate kinds 00:05:08.056 --> 00:05:18.206 - of things. Physical geography and political or human geography. Physical geography is the lay of the land. 00:05:18.466 --> 00:05:26.421 - and human geography is how people interact with that. And they do it by adjusting themselves to the 00:05:26.421 --> 00:05:34.932 - land, or they adjust the lands to themselves. And that difference is an important thing in the development 00:05:34.932 --> 00:05:43.046 - of manufacturing in this county. So kind of keep these two things in mind. Geography has an impact on 00:05:43.046 --> 00:05:47.262 - human life, but it's not destiny, but it is history. 00:05:47.394 --> 00:05:55.752 - And that's an old saying, geography is destiny, and I'm adding the part. No, but it is history. So let's 00:05:55.752 --> 00:06:04.109 - talk about geography in Monroe County. The first part here is about why we are here. And I mean, I think 00:06:04.109 --> 00:06:12.149 - I'm making this, gotta get the mic right here. Why are we here? And by here, I mean, why are we here 00:06:12.149 --> 00:06:13.502 - at the corner of 00:06:13.666 --> 00:06:22.061 - Walnut and First Street looking to the northwest because that's an important question and it has to 00:06:22.061 --> 00:06:30.457 - do with manufacturing later on in this county. Here's what that scene looked like in 1840 from that 00:06:30.457 --> 00:06:39.188 - particular perspective. It's the campus of Indiana University and in an important way that is why we're 00:06:39.188 --> 00:06:42.462 - here. It has to do with central place, 00:06:42.946 --> 00:06:50.591 - The placement of IU here explains why Bloomington is here and that has to do with the way in 00:06:50.591 --> 00:06:58.812 - which manufacturing developed in the 19th century. So why is IU where it is? I'm not going to spend 00:06:58.812 --> 00:07:07.033 - much time on this at all. Some of you know the answer to that and some of you don't. I want to give 00:07:07.033 --> 00:07:11.390 - you a quick view of that and this could take a whole 00:07:12.098 --> 00:07:21.268 - lecture if you ever get a chance to hear one. IU was cited in two stages first in 1816 and then in 1820. 00:07:21.268 --> 00:07:30.088 - The first stage in 1816 was choosing a township that would support higher education in the new state 00:07:30.088 --> 00:07:39.432 - of Indiana and then in 1820 the Indiana legislature chose to use that township as the site for the Indiana 00:07:39.432 --> 00:07:41.790 - College. The reason why it 00:07:41.954 --> 00:07:50.520 - this particular site was chosen, Seminary Township, or as we call it now Perry Township, is because 00:07:50.520 --> 00:07:59.171 - it was a central place. Now, in what sense was it a central place? Well, Indiana in 1816 was settled 00:07:59.171 --> 00:08:07.737 - and surveyed only south of Bloomington. What you see on this map, which shows Indian treaties, that 00:08:07.737 --> 00:08:11.934 - the Treaty of St. Mary's, which brought into the 00:08:12.290 --> 00:08:22.791 - to use by settlers and by surveyors came in 1818. IU was cited before that and it was really the farthest 00:08:22.791 --> 00:08:32.698 - north and the most central place that could be found in the central, I mean in the surveyed part of 00:08:32.698 --> 00:08:42.110 - Indiana. The committee of the state constitutional convention that was appointed to figure out 00:08:42.210 --> 00:08:52.497 - what would be this township and to offer it to the federal government was composed of three members, 00:08:52.497 --> 00:09:03.700 - one of whom was from Vincennes, one of whom was from Brookville, Vincennes along the Wabash River, Brookville 00:09:03.700 --> 00:09:06.654 - on the Whitewater and on the 00:09:06.754 --> 00:09:15.227 - eastern edge of Indiana. And the other one was from Paoli. So they represented the west, the east, and 00:09:15.227 --> 00:09:23.124 - the south. And the most central place that they could agree on was that township right up there 00:09:23.124 --> 00:09:31.432 - by Bloomington showing on this map. So what was that township like? Well, this is the surveyor's map 00:09:31.432 --> 00:09:35.134 - from the surveying of that township in 1812. 00:09:35.586 --> 00:09:44.231 - and you can't see much on it, so I'll show you just six mile square sections of the northern part of 00:09:44.231 --> 00:09:53.134 - that township. And those squiggly lines are where surveyors crossed their survey lines and thought they 00:09:53.134 --> 00:10:02.207 - saw creeks and could figure which way those creeks were flowing. So these maps are full of these squiggly 00:10:02.207 --> 00:10:05.374 - lines. And in the case of this spot, 00:10:05.538 --> 00:10:13.832 - By the way, section four there is where the college would be founded right at the northern end of the 00:10:13.832 --> 00:10:21.963 - township. They couldn't see these very well, so they only marked them where they were crossing them 00:10:21.963 --> 00:10:30.175 - at the section lines. On this particular map, the one stream that gets a little bit more of specific 00:10:30.175 --> 00:10:34.078 - attention is the one right there along the edge 00:10:34.434 --> 00:10:43.752 - of Section 10. I live in Section 10 and know that stream well. It's Jackson Creek and that's where it 00:10:43.752 --> 00:10:53.617 - flows along the side of College Mall. So that one they could see kind of well but the others they couldn't. 00:10:53.617 --> 00:10:54.622 - Here's the 00:10:54.754 --> 00:11:04.829 - Here's the township north of that, which came to be called Bloomington Township. And this one also has 00:11:04.829 --> 00:11:14.610 - a lot of squiggly lines. These are the hand-drawn maps from 1812 around that time. And the southern 00:11:14.610 --> 00:11:23.902 - sections of that are the sections at Butt Seminary Township. And section 33 is where the first 00:11:24.130 --> 00:11:32.340 - Bloomington Town was formed. The squiggly lines don't tell us much except kind of up there in section 00:11:32.340 --> 00:11:40.711 - 28 and 27. What are we seeing there? If we look a little farther north in Bloomington Township on this, 00:11:40.711 --> 00:11:48.760 - they could see the streams a little bit better and so they drew them in a little bit more. And what 00:11:48.760 --> 00:11:52.382 - you're seeing on this, the big stream there, 00:11:52.482 --> 00:12:00.843 - in Section 2221 is Griffey Creek. That's Griffey. And the one that goes straight south to north and 00:12:00.843 --> 00:12:09.371 - flows into Griffey Creek is Cascades. So that's what they knew about this area when the surveying was 00:12:09.371 --> 00:12:17.982 - done. In 1815, the Surveyor General's Office made a really good map of Indiana based on these surveys. 00:12:18.434 --> 00:12:26.911 - It shows streams all over the surveyed part of Indiana. This is the first really good map of Indiana 00:12:26.911 --> 00:12:35.556 - after the surveying was done. And that, where I put the red marks, are the townships that would become 00:12:35.556 --> 00:12:44.201 - Monroe County. And it's right up there in the center of the settled part of the state and right in the 00:12:44.201 --> 00:12:48.062 - center east to west as well. So there we are. 00:12:48.386 --> 00:12:56.799 - Those are the sections, those are the townships in what would become Monroe County. If we look at that 00:12:56.799 --> 00:13:05.457 - really closely, you can begin to see that as they tied these stream fragments together, they did a pretty 00:13:05.457 --> 00:13:13.869 - good job. The northern part of Monroe County, you can see is Bean Blossom Creek, and the southern tier 00:13:13.869 --> 00:13:17.790 - of six townships, you can see on the east side, 00:13:18.114 --> 00:13:27.294 - Salt Creek, and right there north to south is Clear Creek. And the first, a really nice early commercial 00:13:27.294 --> 00:13:36.212 - map that was made of this area, and they made these maps very quickly, the map makers of New York and 00:13:36.212 --> 00:13:45.129 - Philadelphia, as soon as they got their hands on real surveys, and made really good maps. And here is 00:13:45.129 --> 00:13:46.878 - an atlas that shows 00:13:47.330 --> 00:13:55.791 - Indiana and Ohio and here's what Monroe County looks like in that 1825 map. And it's pretty good. Bloomington 00:13:55.791 --> 00:14:03.560 - is sited right there in the middle as a central place. It was made the county seat because it was in 00:14:03.560 --> 00:14:11.790 - the middle of the county that was organized in 1818. And the only other thing on here besides the surveyed 00:14:11.790 --> 00:14:13.790 - townships are the creeks. 00:14:14.178 --> 00:14:22.169 - And they're by name already in 1825. Bean Blossom in the north, Clear Creek in the south, and Salt Creek, 00:14:22.169 --> 00:14:30.159 - I should say, with its main tributary, Clear Creek. So that's why we're here, and that's what the surveys 00:14:30.159 --> 00:14:36.190 - began to show what it was like to be here in the very early days of settlement. 00:14:36.738 --> 00:14:43.575 - So let's talk about what this land was like in part two here. This is the very interesting cover, 00:14:43.575 --> 00:14:50.761 - I think, particularly like for my talk, because it's Visit Bloomington's current visitor's guide cover 00:14:50.761 --> 00:14:57.738 - for this year. And instead of a more up-to-date picture of Bloomington of the county, they've got a 00:14:57.738 --> 00:15:05.342 - picture of sort of primordial Monroe County, but it still looks the same if you look in the right direction. 00:15:05.474 --> 00:15:13.004 - If you're in the air above Bloomington and you look to the southeast, you see pretty much what this 00:15:13.004 --> 00:15:20.986 - place was like 200 years ago with the only difference is that there's something peeking in the background 00:15:20.986 --> 00:15:28.516 - there and that's a lake and we'll come back to what that means for manufacturing in this county. So 00:15:28.516 --> 00:15:30.398 - what was this land like? 00:15:30.786 --> 00:15:39.513 - Most of you have probably seen maps like this one, a geological map of Indiana that shows the geological 00:15:39.513 --> 00:15:48.656 - or physiographic regions of the state. And if we look at southern Indiana, what you notice on any geological, 00:15:48.656 --> 00:15:57.051 - physiographical map of Indiana is the absolute importance of the Wisconsin Glacier that reached just 00:15:57.051 --> 00:16:00.126 - north of Monroe County in its extent 00:16:00.386 --> 00:16:08.687 - continental glacier in the last ice age and then began to retreat. Everything north of that line, 00:16:08.687 --> 00:16:17.412 - that line, everything shown here in blue is utterly different than everything south of that blue area. 00:16:17.412 --> 00:16:25.882 - The blue area is covered with many deep deposits of glacial till and our area has none of that. Our 00:16:25.882 --> 00:16:29.694 - area is a geological area that's eroded over 00:16:29.794 --> 00:16:38.650 - a couple of hundred thousand years to produce the surface geography that we have. Well, what do we have 00:16:38.650 --> 00:16:47.421 - here? We've got three areas that are named by geologists, the Norman Upland, the Mitchell Plateau, and 00:16:47.421 --> 00:16:56.448 - the Crawford Upland. And in Monroe County, you see this as sort of three stripes, north and south through 00:16:56.448 --> 00:16:57.470 - the county. 00:16:58.146 --> 00:17:07.514 - These are geological underground features of the bedrock, but it has an impact on the surface as well, 00:17:07.514 --> 00:17:16.791 - and therefore on the settlement and the agriculture and manufacturing of the county. So, for example, 00:17:16.791 --> 00:17:25.977 - agriculture. This is a land use map, an agriculture map, a soil map, if you will, from the middle of 00:17:25.977 --> 00:17:27.614 - the 20th century. 00:17:28.098 --> 00:17:37.344 - And the black parts are deemed by the county planners to be unsuited for any kind of agriculture, unsuited 00:17:37.344 --> 00:17:46.157 - for agriculture. Some of the land in the middle there is suited for general agriculture, but a lot of 00:17:46.157 --> 00:17:55.057 - it is suited only for what they call light agriculture, which mainly means hills that can't be plowed, 00:17:55.057 --> 00:17:56.958 - but are good for hay, 00:17:57.826 --> 00:18:05.866 - grazing, and so forth. And the black, we get a little bit of the black in the southwest of the county, 00:18:05.866 --> 00:18:13.828 - too, of parts that are just simply unsuited for agriculture. If we look at this more closely, this is 00:18:13.828 --> 00:18:21.868 - the top six townships, you can see how these black areas and the dotted areas and the lined areas show 00:18:21.868 --> 00:18:26.942 - different kinds of agriculture in different parts of the county. 00:18:27.682 --> 00:18:36.239 - bean blossom bottoms there that you see with dots, that's the floodplain of bean blossom. And it's good 00:18:36.239 --> 00:18:44.713 - agriculture, but it floods. It's a floodplain. And the same thing is true in Salt Creek's basin in the 00:18:44.713 --> 00:18:53.763 - southwest. Essentially, the southwest part of the county is either unsuited for agriculture or the floodplain 00:18:53.763 --> 00:18:55.902 - of Salt Creek is fine for 00:18:56.354 --> 00:19:04.261 - growing things, it's just that they might be flooded and ruined at any time in any given year. So the 00:19:04.261 --> 00:19:12.013 - middle part of the county and up toward the northwest is where the best agriculture was, but it was 00:19:12.013 --> 00:19:19.843 - never very good. I'm telling you about agriculture because agricultural processing is what the first 00:19:19.843 --> 00:19:25.502 - manufacturing in the county was. So the bigger picture for Monroe County 00:19:25.762 --> 00:19:33.644 - has to do with the big river systems of the state. The county lies between the White River's west fork 00:19:33.644 --> 00:19:41.526 - and the White River's east fork. That's what the first map shows. The second map here shows all of the 00:19:41.526 --> 00:19:49.332 - major river systems of Indiana. And all of those blue blotches are reservoirs today on the rivers. If 00:19:49.332 --> 00:19:50.174 - we look at 00:19:52.642 --> 00:20:00.654 - The south part of Indiana, that star that I put in is where Monroe County is. Here's the southern part. 00:20:00.654 --> 00:20:08.743 - So we lie between the forks of the White River and between the tributary of the White River to the north 00:20:08.743 --> 00:20:16.909 - of us, Bean Blossom, and the tributary to the White River to the south of us, Salt Creek. The two smudges 00:20:16.909 --> 00:20:22.302 - of blue are the two reservoirs that appear, Lake Lemon and the north. 00:20:23.906 --> 00:20:31.093 - Lake Monroe in the south. So what impact did this have on the growth of manufacturing in the county 00:20:31.093 --> 00:20:38.352 - in the pioneer period? Well this picture, it's a current picture, it's the main waterway that Monroe 00:20:38.352 --> 00:20:45.827 - County has, it's the main highway by water that Monroe County has a connection with and that's the west 00:20:45.827 --> 00:20:48.702 - fork of the White River which nicks the 00:20:48.834 --> 00:20:57.746 - northwest corner of the county. And this is a picture that I took. That's the historic Sechrist Ferry 00:20:57.746 --> 00:21:07.008 - Bridge in the background that is between Monroe and Owen County today. So in talking about manufacturing, 00:21:07.008 --> 00:21:15.745 - we need to talk about three things. We need to talk about land, transportation, and power. By land, 00:21:15.745 --> 00:21:18.366 - economists mean that by that, 00:21:18.530 --> 00:21:26.741 - anything that's used as raw materials for manufacturing. Natural resources of some sort are processed 00:21:26.741 --> 00:21:35.595 - into something else. So that's you need for manufacturing. You need some kind of transportation, particularly 00:21:35.595 --> 00:21:43.806 - if you're going to do a kind of a long distance sort of manufacturing enterprise. And you need power. 00:21:44.130 --> 00:21:53.270 - Human power exists, animal power exists, but what pioneers wanted was water power. Some of the first 00:21:53.270 --> 00:22:02.681 - settlers were looking for possible mill sites because the aim was to process agricultural products into 00:22:02.681 --> 00:22:12.273 - flour, into meal, and to process the forest products into lumber. So we're looking for water power sites. 00:22:12.273 --> 00:22:13.630 - In the county, 00:22:14.498 --> 00:22:23.531 - In Monroe County, everything was connected to water. To have agriculture, you need what they called 00:22:23.531 --> 00:22:33.288 - in those days a well-watered land. Rain, of course, but also access to water for livestock and for domestic 00:22:33.288 --> 00:22:43.134 - use, just to do a farm. And because this is an unglaciated area, the whole county is a poor place for wells. 00:22:43.426 --> 00:22:52.556 - And so most of the water that was used came from streams and creeks and springs and cisterns collecting 00:22:52.556 --> 00:23:01.423 - rainwater. Transport, for any distance, was waterborne transport. The great highway into the west at 00:23:01.423 --> 00:23:10.378 - that time in the early years was the Ohio River, and settlement came up from the Ohio. And the Wabash 00:23:10.378 --> 00:23:11.870 - and White Rivers 00:23:12.066 --> 00:23:20.985 - were used for transportation as well. And power was falling water or running water. And mill sites were 00:23:20.985 --> 00:23:29.647 - much coveted. So these two maps then, that's the early map from 1825. The second map I'm showing you 00:23:29.647 --> 00:23:37.022 - here from 150 years later looks kind of the same. It's a drainage map that that's why 00:23:37.442 --> 00:23:44.484 - If we look at it here, it has a whole bunch of numbers on it because it's an official drainage map of 00:23:44.484 --> 00:23:51.664 - Monroe County and it shows how the tributaries and the runoff in the county goes into the major creeks. 00:23:51.664 --> 00:23:58.637 - Creeks being Bean Blossom Creek and Salt Creek. And that star is where Bloomington and IU are in the 00:23:58.637 --> 00:24:05.886 - middle. So if you look at the top, the three townships, and this is a kind of a current map you can see, 00:24:06.210 --> 00:24:14.840 - how Bean Blossom Creek dominates the flow of water in the north, and Salt Creek dominates the flow of 00:24:14.840 --> 00:24:23.300 - water in the south six counties, with Clear Creek right in the middle being the main tributary. Now 00:24:23.300 --> 00:24:31.422 - there's a little bit of water flow to the west. There in Indian Creek township is Indian Creek. 00:24:31.810 --> 00:24:41.634 - which flows off to the west in a different way, still ends up going south. But the Bean Blossom Salt 00:24:41.634 --> 00:24:51.360 - Creek, that's the key to settlement and manufacturing. So here's a map from 1840 of Indiana. And if 00:24:51.360 --> 00:24:58.558 - we focus in on Monroe, you can see what the towns were like that grew up. 00:24:58.914 --> 00:25:07.481 - And two of those towns, and maybe a couple others too, but the two that I'm gonna talk about 00:25:07.481 --> 00:25:16.970 - are manufacturing centers, Mount Tabor and Fairfax. Mount Tabor on Bean Blossom Creek, Fairfax on Salt 00:25:16.970 --> 00:25:23.326 - Creek. So looking at a map from 1850s, a county map, if we focus in, 00:25:23.554 --> 00:25:31.968 - on Bean Blossom Township where Mount Tabor is. I'll give you an idea of what kind of place Mount Tabor 00:25:31.968 --> 00:25:40.219 - was in the 1820s and 30s. So here's, we focus in a little tighter here. This shows where Mount Tabor 00:25:40.219 --> 00:25:47.326 - lay on Bean Blossom Creek a couple of miles from where it drains into the White River. 00:25:47.682 --> 00:25:55.551 - And the big spots on this map are damage to the map. That big circle spot, I imagine, an early map reader 00:25:55.551 --> 00:26:03.048 - spilling his coffee on that or something. But that's what that is. So you can ignore that. But Mount 00:26:03.048 --> 00:26:10.620 - Tabor was sighted at what's the best spot upstream from the White River on Bean Blossom Creek. It can 00:26:10.620 --> 00:26:15.742 - be close to the creek, but not so close that it floods every spring. 00:26:16.034 --> 00:26:22.948 - The trouble with these creeks in Monroe County is that they tend either to have bluffs on one side that 00:26:22.948 --> 00:26:29.596 - are too high for a town, and then floodplain on the other side that's too low for a town. So a spot 00:26:29.596 --> 00:26:36.311 - what you want for any kind of settlement is something near the creek. Why do you want to be near the 00:26:36.311 --> 00:26:43.358 - creek? Well, because that's where you were going to do manufacturing. This is the hand-drawn plat map for 00:26:44.226 --> 00:26:53.397 - Mount Tabor from 1828 that is in the collection of the History Center. And it has, I should say it has 00:26:53.397 --> 00:27:02.656 - 66 lots laid out, very optimistic about the future of Mount Tabor, too optimistic. But right down there 00:27:02.656 --> 00:27:11.649 - at the bottom of the map, it is the industrial center of Mount Tabor in the 1820s. Two mills on Bean 00:27:11.649 --> 00:27:14.142 - Blossom Creek, a grist mill 00:27:14.402 --> 00:27:23.243 - and a sawmill, and then a bridge over the creek. So for power, they had water. And Mount Tabor also 00:27:23.243 --> 00:27:31.466 - was near enough to the White River that in flood times, they could actually use flatboats to 00:27:31.466 --> 00:27:40.484 - take manufactured or produce down Bean Blossom Creek to the White River. So what was Mount Tabor like 00:27:40.484 --> 00:27:44.286 - in the early days? It was platted in 1828. 00:27:44.802 --> 00:27:52.597 - Five years later, a gazetteer of Indiana came out, which gave reports on towns around the state, and 00:27:52.597 --> 00:27:59.774 - here's what they had to say about Mount Tabor. Mount Tabor, a village on Bean Blossom Creek, 00:28:00.002 --> 00:28:07.104 - in Monroe County is situated in the northwest corner of the county about 13 miles northwest from Bloomington 00:28:07.104 --> 00:28:13.620 - in the vicinity of a high hill from which it takes its name. At this place there is a valuable mill 00:28:13.620 --> 00:28:20.461 - erected and from this point at times of high water flat boats down Bean Blossom Creek to the White River 00:28:20.461 --> 00:28:27.368 - laden with the produce of the county. Mount Tabor is the place of deposit for the produce of the northern 00:28:27.368 --> 00:28:28.606 - part of the county 00:28:28.802 --> 00:28:37.880 - And the mill establishment is destined to be of great importance in a few years. So that's Mount Tabor 00:28:37.880 --> 00:28:47.046 - as the manufacturing center of the county based upon for the three holy trinity of manufacturing, land, 00:28:47.046 --> 00:28:56.124 - transportation, and power. Water, water, water. And there's a flatboat engraving. And they're from all 00:28:56.124 --> 00:28:57.182 - over the... 00:28:58.210 --> 00:29:05.968 - anybody who could get close to a river sent flat boats down the river in the spring floods. Now Mount 00:29:05.968 --> 00:29:13.725 - Tabor had actually something else going for it or at least it hoped it did. Come back to this map and 00:29:13.725 --> 00:29:21.711 - this map shows in a little kind of dotted line there up by White River something that Mount Tabor people 00:29:21.711 --> 00:29:26.046 - were really excited about and that is the Central Canal. 00:29:26.626 --> 00:29:34.153 - In the canal age, which Jake Butler told you about a few weeks ago, one of the canals that was planned 00:29:34.153 --> 00:29:41.680 - was a central canal. The one that was built, the Wabash and Erie Canal, connects Lake Erie to the Ohio 00:29:41.680 --> 00:29:49.060 - River, and that was pretty much built. The central canal, which goes through Indianapolis, goes from 00:29:49.060 --> 00:29:56.222 - Peru to Worthington, wasn't built, but they thought it was going to be built, and that would have 00:29:56.770 --> 00:30:05.402 - Here's more of a close-up of that. Nicking the corner of Monroe County would have made Mount Tabor in 00:30:05.402 --> 00:30:13.949 - direct water connection to Indianapolis as well as south to the Ohio and north to Lake Erie. I mean, 00:30:13.949 --> 00:30:20.126 - these people were bubbling with enthusiasm for their town in 1833, 1840. 00:30:20.610 --> 00:30:28.708 - That canal was never built. Part of it was built in Indianapolis, which you're probably familiar with 00:30:28.708 --> 00:30:37.362 - now as a tourist attraction. So that's the story of Mount Tabor, and that's a kind of story that's repeated, 00:30:37.362 --> 00:30:45.381 - but it has the best spot for manufacturing in the county on Bean Blossom Creek. At the other side of 00:30:45.381 --> 00:30:50.462 - the county, down in the lower townships, the Salt Creek was the 00:30:50.722 --> 00:30:59.846 - Creek of importance. So here's Clear Creek Township with some of the sections that include Harrodsburg 00:30:59.846 --> 00:31:08.882 - and Fairfax in the 1850s. So if we focus in on Fairfax, we'll tell that story too. It's a little like 00:31:08.882 --> 00:31:17.918 - Mount Tabor's. These are the entrepreneurs of Fairfax, the Heltons, Andrew Helton and Michael Helton. 00:31:18.946 --> 00:31:27.107 - They owned a lot of the property, they owned stores, and they had a mill there, a grist mill, and they 00:31:27.107 --> 00:31:35.031 - did meat packing, salt pork. And just like Mount Tabor, Fairfax during flood times was able to send 00:31:35.031 --> 00:31:43.034 - produce products down the Salt Creek. They had farther to go to get to the White River, because they 00:31:43.034 --> 00:31:47.550 - were going south to Bedford, where the Salt Creek joins, 00:31:47.682 --> 00:31:55.835 - the East Fork of the White River. But Fairfax sits on the creek a lot like Mount Tabor. It's not on 00:31:55.835 --> 00:32:04.233 - a bluff, so it's close to the water. It's close to where the mill was built on the creek. But it's not 00:32:04.233 --> 00:32:12.958 - going to be flooded very often because it's high, but not too high above the creek. Here's a topographical 00:32:12.958 --> 00:32:16.382 - map from the 20th century that shows what 00:32:16.514 --> 00:32:25.950 - the Salt Creek flood plain looked like and where Fairfax was, right there on a kind of higher ground 00:32:25.950 --> 00:32:35.386 - peninsula almost into the Salt Creek flood plain. How high did the water go when Salt Creek flooded? 00:32:35.386 --> 00:32:42.206 - Well, luckily we have, we can check it out if you fill it completely up. 00:32:42.530 --> 00:32:50.872 - which is what we did with Lake Monroe, you get the idea of just how flooded you could make the valley 00:32:50.872 --> 00:32:59.214 - of Salt Creek. And this map shows how even so, Fairfax stays above water. That little peninsula right 00:32:59.214 --> 00:33:07.475 - in the middle there is where the village of Fairfax stood. And this is a current map of Lake Monroe. 00:33:07.475 --> 00:33:12.382 - And the squiggly line under the water there is the original 00:33:12.642 --> 00:33:21.457 - route of Salt Creek before it was flooded for the lake. So that's Fairfax, similar, and did use water, 00:33:21.457 --> 00:33:30.357 - water, water, just like Mount Tabor did to develop early pioneer manufacturing. Another place like that 00:33:30.357 --> 00:33:39.172 - is Harrodsburg, a little bit different. Harrodsburg isn't as close to its creek, which is Clear Creek, 00:33:39.172 --> 00:33:40.798 - but it is close to 00:33:40.898 --> 00:33:50.389 - a mill that was on Clear Creek at that time called Chambers Mill. Chambers Mill is about a quarter of 00:33:50.389 --> 00:34:00.159 - a mile or half a mile north of Harrodsburg. If you look at this a little bit closer, you see Harrodsburg 00:34:00.159 --> 00:34:10.302 - relationship to Chambers Mill. The mill is on the main north-south road between Bloomington and Harrodsburg, 00:34:10.850 --> 00:34:20.160 - in a way evolved into Highway 37, but this is now Gore Road. Gore Road in that area follows what was 00:34:20.160 --> 00:34:29.654 - the original road in the 1850s. And if you drive on Gore Road and stop at where it crosses Clear Creek 00:34:29.654 --> 00:34:34.078 - and look and squint and think, you can see some 00:34:35.746 --> 00:34:44.104 - foundation stones, which if you're me, you imagine, are the foundation stones of Chambers Mill. There 00:34:44.104 --> 00:34:52.463 - are the foundation stones of some mill on Clear Creek at this site on Gore Road there along the side. 00:34:52.463 --> 00:34:59.838 - So those are the two examples of what was going on in the countryside in pioneer milling. 00:35:00.194 --> 00:35:08.524 - Another kind of mill that's really important for early manufacturing is the hillside or cave spring 00:35:08.524 --> 00:35:16.853 - mill. And in Van Buren Township, we have a good example of that. Here's this map. It's kind of hard 00:35:16.853 --> 00:35:25.433 - to see, but it follows a tributary to Clear Creek. Not a very big stream, but it has four mills on it. 00:35:25.433 --> 00:35:29.598 - And two of those mills are right near the source. 00:35:30.018 --> 00:35:39.162 - of this little creek. Those mills are Shirley's Mill and Leonard's Mill. And their caves bring mill 00:35:39.162 --> 00:35:48.856 - sites where the water is flowing from a cave, can easily be routed over an overshot water wheel of fairly 00:35:48.856 --> 00:35:59.006 - good size, which you couldn't do on the creeks like Bean Blossom or Salt Creek. And they made good mill sites. 00:35:59.266 --> 00:36:08.273 - Here's a topographical map that shows the origin of that stream that comes from this valley, this box 00:36:08.273 --> 00:36:17.633 - canyon that we now call Leonard Springs Nature Park. And there were mills at each one of the cave springs 00:36:17.633 --> 00:36:26.640 - that fed this creek. Surely spring looks like this today. Most of you have probably walked down there 00:36:26.640 --> 00:36:28.318 - from time to time. 00:36:28.674 --> 00:36:35.875 - really low water. But in those days, cave springs were the best kind of thing for mills in some ways, 00:36:35.875 --> 00:36:43.005 - because they were so steady. For millers on water millers, the worst two things were too much water, 00:36:43.005 --> 00:36:50.065 - too little water. Either there wasn't enough water to turn the wheel, or the whole thing was washed 00:36:50.065 --> 00:36:54.654 - away in spring floods. Water wheel buildings, everything ruined. 00:36:55.042 --> 00:37:02.515 - There's very few surviving mills because they've all been washed away at some point. A cave spring is 00:37:02.515 --> 00:37:09.842 - more steady, but Monroe County didn't have many of these kinds of sites. This is about the best one 00:37:09.842 --> 00:37:17.462 - in Monroe County. Leonard's is a little better than Shirley's Spring here, but they don't run as steady 00:37:17.462 --> 00:37:24.862 - as they once did either. This is what a good cave spring looks like, but this is in Lawrence County. 00:37:25.186 --> 00:37:33.128 - And it did lead to a really nice mill being built. Here it is, Spring Mill, Hamers Mill. And when you 00:37:33.128 --> 00:37:41.070 - look at that water flowing, the Monroe County people would say, man, if I had that kind of water from 00:37:41.070 --> 00:37:49.167 - my cave, I'd be all set. But instead, in Monroe County, the Hillside Springs produced little mills like 00:37:49.167 --> 00:37:54.462 - this one. This is the Carter Mill, the Carter Family Mill that Mike 00:37:54.786 --> 00:38:03.585 - R. Mike Carter is descended from. And this mill survived long enough to be photographed in the 1890s 00:38:03.585 --> 00:38:12.472 - or early 20th century because it's not on a stream that would wash it away in the spring floods. It's 00:38:12.472 --> 00:38:22.142 - on a tiny little spring-fed creek, small creek that flows over this very, very small wheel. And here's another 00:38:23.618 --> 00:38:33.415 - picture of that. That's Mike himself in 1900. He helped out at the family mill in 1900. And he's standing 00:38:33.415 --> 00:38:43.398 - there. He's got his hands on his hips. He's saying, oh my god, I hate this job. I'm going to go to pharmacy 00:38:43.398 --> 00:38:47.742 - school. And eventually, that mill disappeared. 00:38:47.842 --> 00:38:55.167 - It's one of the few that had survived into the 20th century, but it was kind of a nothing mill compared 00:38:55.167 --> 00:39:02.422 - to one like Hamer's Mill in Lawrence County. There were other rural businesses in Monroe County, rural 00:39:02.422 --> 00:39:09.607 - manufacturing, but not many. Almost all of it was saw mills, grist mills. One that you may have heard 00:39:09.607 --> 00:39:16.791 - of is the Virginia Iron Works. A little bit of iron ore was found in a site in Indian Creek Township, 00:39:16.791 --> 00:39:17.566 - and it was 00:39:17.794 --> 00:39:27.424 - A furnace was set up with charcoal. It was expensive to cut charcoal. They couldn't get workers. There 00:39:27.424 --> 00:39:37.054 - was no transportation. It lasted a couple of years. Essentially, manufacturing in the county meant saw 00:39:37.054 --> 00:39:46.590 - milling and grist milling. One exception to that is this one. This is a mill on the Ketchum's Mill on 00:39:47.682 --> 00:39:56.217 - was on Clear Creek near where the Ketchum House is still there. The mill's gone. But this mill survived 00:39:56.217 --> 00:40:04.425 - into the 20th century and burned in 1909. But it kind of is a cheat as an example of a county rural 00:40:04.425 --> 00:40:12.878 - mill. Because if you look closely on the back, they're off to the side. This is not a water mill. This 00:40:12.878 --> 00:40:17.310 - is a steam-powered mill. And steam has another story. 00:40:17.474 --> 00:40:24.749 - And STEAM takes us into another place in Monroe County. And that place is Bloomington. So that's the 00:40:24.749 --> 00:40:32.024 - next part of the story here. Bloomington, what was going on in Bloomington. This is a scene that I'm 00:40:32.024 --> 00:40:39.227 - not going to tell you where this is. Some of you may know where this is. But I'll come back to this 00:40:39.227 --> 00:40:46.142 - later. That's my granddaughter Phoebe there playing in a Bloomington spring, a hillside spring. 00:40:46.242 --> 00:40:54.557 - is a wonderful example of a Bloomington water source. This is what Bloomington had for water, this hillside 00:40:54.557 --> 00:41:02.334 - springs. And she's playing there in this spring, and I'll come back to this particular spring later. 00:41:02.334 --> 00:41:10.187 - Bloomington lay right between these two watersheds, as you've seen in these earlier maps. Here's what 00:41:10.187 --> 00:41:12.574 - that looks like on the ground. 00:41:12.930 --> 00:41:20.710 - today in Bloomington. This is a map of the city of Bloomington that shows the watersheds of Bloomington's 00:41:20.710 --> 00:41:28.122 - streams going south and north. And the big black line is the divide between the White River's forks. 00:41:28.122 --> 00:41:35.535 - The top goes north, drains to the west fork of the White River. The south drains to the east fork of 00:41:35.535 --> 00:41:42.654 - the White River. And the divide is right through the heart of Bloomington, about on 11th Street. 00:41:43.362 --> 00:41:50.360 - about on 11th Street in downtown. So if you start, if you drive up the hill on Walnut from the Courthouse 00:41:50.360 --> 00:41:57.555 - Square from 1st Street, you go uphill, uphill, uphill, you come to the 11th Street and then you go downhill. 00:41:57.555 --> 00:42:04.355 - You're crossing there then at 11th Street to divide between the White Rivers, East Fork and West Fork. 00:42:04.355 --> 00:42:10.494 - And if you forget that when you're driving there, just look up at the name of that building. 00:42:10.818 --> 00:42:18.130 - there on the left, the crest. And that will remind you that you're at the summit. This is the summit 00:42:18.130 --> 00:42:25.514 - between the watersheds. Or if you're on the bypass, when you drive up from College Mall on the bypass 00:42:25.514 --> 00:42:32.753 - north, you go up, up, up, up, up to 10th Street and pass. And then the road even has to make a rock 00:42:32.753 --> 00:42:39.486 - cut through the hill by the hospital. And then it goes down, down, down. This is the summit. 00:42:39.778 --> 00:42:46.885 - In fact, this is the highest point in the city limits of elevation in the city of Bloomington. And the 00:42:46.885 --> 00:42:54.131 - water tank there gives you a clue that you're at a high point. In fact, as you drive around the country, 00:42:54.131 --> 00:43:01.238 - if you see a water tank sitting on the ground, you're at the summit of the water works that that water 00:43:01.238 --> 00:43:08.208 - tank. Otherwise, it'd be up on a tower, but here it can be on the ground. It's a high point. So this 00:43:08.208 --> 00:43:09.726 - is a map of drainage. 00:43:10.018 --> 00:43:18.664 - a current map of drainage, and it shows the relationship of current drainage to the streams. Those, 00:43:18.664 --> 00:43:27.482 - if we look at the top part of the city, the northern part of the city, all these dots, what they show 00:43:27.482 --> 00:43:36.388 - is entry points for storm drains. The red dots are underground, the blue dots are entries into streams 00:43:36.388 --> 00:43:37.598 - above ground. 00:43:38.178 --> 00:43:46.568 - And what the streams are is the remnants of the original streams that were there. And that's the names 00:43:46.568 --> 00:43:55.040 - of the watersheds, too. The Griffey watershed is there on the east. Right in the middle is Clear Creek. 00:43:55.040 --> 00:44:03.186 - In the north part here, it's Cascades. Cascades, whose main source in our day is the parking lot of 00:44:03.186 --> 00:44:06.526 - the football stadium. And it goes north. 00:44:06.754 --> 00:44:16.099 - And then outside the city limits is Stout Creek going north. South, we've got Jackson Creek on the east, 00:44:16.099 --> 00:44:25.176 - Clear Creek in the middle. And then the west fork of Clear Creek, which is in the far west, begins at 00:44:25.176 --> 00:44:34.343 - Twin Lakes, runs down Weimar Road to the town of the village of Clear Creek. Jackson Creek joins Clear 00:44:34.343 --> 00:44:35.678 - Creek about at 00:44:35.938 --> 00:44:45.006 - Maze Greenhouse or so is where that comes together. Now for the city of the 19th century, it's all about 00:44:45.006 --> 00:44:53.987 - those streams that come into Clear Creek. That's the source of, and so here's a map of the city in 1910 00:44:53.987 --> 00:45:02.969 - that's a topographical map and it has the creeks on it. They're all out of the ground in 1910. Nobody's 00:45:02.969 --> 00:45:05.214 - underground like they are 00:45:06.242 --> 00:45:14.546 - And I drew in these creeks with some red here so you can see them. This is Spanker's Brant, later Jordan, 00:45:14.546 --> 00:45:22.537 - the Jordan River and now called the Campus River that flows from the east through the IU campus. Then 00:45:22.537 --> 00:45:30.763 - in our time, it ducks underground and stays underground until it gets to First Street. This is the route 00:45:30.763 --> 00:45:35.934 - of the central branch of Clear Creek in primordial days that rose 00:45:36.162 --> 00:45:44.895 - from springs up in the Crestmont area and flows right through the heart of town, now along the Beeline 00:45:44.895 --> 00:45:53.627 - Trail, but was along the railroad track in railroad days. And then this is the, not what they now call 00:45:53.627 --> 00:46:02.105 - the West Fork, which is farther west, but the fork that is near west that has its origin in several 00:46:02.105 --> 00:46:03.038 - springs by 00:46:03.842 --> 00:46:13.061 - Kleindorfers Hardware and a little bit north of that, the main one being Illinois Central Spring and 00:46:13.061 --> 00:46:22.736 - flows along Patterson Drive and joins Clear Creek near in Switchyard Park. Patterson Drive was a railroad 00:46:22.736 --> 00:46:31.134 - right away and now it's a road and Illinois Central Spring is polluted by PCBs so there's a 00:46:31.458 --> 00:46:39.728 - water treatment plant there, very close to where we are today, just a little bit, a quarter of a mile 00:46:39.728 --> 00:46:48.078 - that way. So here's the origin of the Campus River, just south of the Water Tower, north of Tulip Tree 00:46:48.078 --> 00:46:56.267 - Apartments. That's it, that's where Campus River begins. The source of Clear Creek, the central part 00:46:56.267 --> 00:46:57.726 - of Clear Creek is 00:46:57.954 --> 00:47:05.872 - In this area where the two railroads cross, now one of them is a railroad. The one above is the Indiana 00:47:05.872 --> 00:47:13.486 - Railroad and then the Beeline Trail. This is a scene from Ernest Butler Park that shows Clear Creek 00:47:13.486 --> 00:47:21.481 - out of the ground. There's not much going on there. Water often isn't flowing there. Things have changed 00:47:21.481 --> 00:47:26.430 - so much. This branch of Clear Creek goes underground at Fairview 00:47:26.786 --> 00:47:35.180 - and stays underground through the whole rest of the downtown and comes out of the ground at 1st Street, 00:47:35.180 --> 00:47:43.735 - just south of Seminary Square. And here's Lemon Lane Landfill, which pollutes the Illinois Central Spring 00:47:43.735 --> 00:47:51.806 - and needs to be treated before it sends its water down Patterson Drive. This is where it comes out. 00:47:52.418 --> 00:48:01.916 - after being underground for a while just across Adams Street from Hinkle's Hamburgers and it stays out 00:48:01.916 --> 00:48:11.598 - of the ground until it meets up with Clear Creek at the pavilion at Switchard Park. So that's what these 00:48:11.598 --> 00:48:22.110 - were like in the original settlement of Bloomington and they were the water source for industrialization. The two 00:48:22.882 --> 00:48:31.001 - Campus River and the middle branch of Clear Creek joined before they come out of the ground at 1st Street. 00:48:31.001 --> 00:48:38.968 - And here's where they are coming out of the ground at 1st Street. So this is right by where the original 00:48:38.968 --> 00:48:46.707 - campus of IU was. And that's it. That's Clear Creek when you can see it with the Jordan River, Campus 00:48:46.707 --> 00:48:52.094 - River and Clear Creek bringing it together. So what did Bloomington do 00:48:53.122 --> 00:49:02.654 - realm of land transportation and power. Well, that's not much water, no transportation, no power. So 00:49:02.654 --> 00:49:11.998 - what was Bloomington? It was a central place and if we read what the 1833 guidebook says about it, 00:49:12.194 --> 00:49:19.884 - you get the idea of what sort of place it was. It's a place with a population of about 600 souls, amongst 00:49:19.884 --> 00:49:27.502 - whom are four clergymen, three physicians, two lawyers, five teachers, eight merchants, about 30 artisan 00:49:27.502 --> 00:49:34.903 - mechanics of different descriptions. The situation is healthy. It's surrounded by fertile, rich land. 00:49:34.903 --> 00:49:39.038 - And it abounds with never failing springs of pure water. 00:49:39.362 --> 00:49:47.685 - but it derives its importance principally from its propinquity to the Indiana College. So it's a central 00:49:47.685 --> 00:49:56.008 - place in the sense that it needs lawyers, it's a county seat, it has teachers, and it does have artisans 00:49:56.008 --> 00:50:04.094 - and mechanics, as it says. And what that meant then was that handwork, this was essentially handwork, 00:50:04.094 --> 00:50:09.246 - boots and shoes, leather work, some textile work, blacksmithing, 00:50:09.538 --> 00:50:17.903 - essentially no milling of the sort that was water powered, but hand work. The only exception to hand 00:50:17.903 --> 00:50:26.267 - work was horsepower. And a number of the sites had horse treadmills like this, this is an engraving, 00:50:26.267 --> 00:50:34.880 - to run things like the bellows at a blacksmith shop, things like that. But manufacturing in Bloomington 00:50:34.880 --> 00:50:39.518 - in the early days was very, very slim and very oriented 00:50:39.618 --> 00:50:50.466 - because it had no water-oriented handwork. The most famous one of these mechanics, artisans, was Austin 00:50:50.466 --> 00:51:01.002 - Seward, who was a blacksmith who came in 1821. Seward is most famous for launching a family business 00:51:01.002 --> 00:51:07.678 - that lasted for 160 years. The Seward shop closed in the 1980s. 00:51:07.842 --> 00:51:16.745 - But he was an excellent blacksmith who was particularly good with making edge tools, axes, and so forth. 00:51:16.745 --> 00:51:25.564 - So the way manufacturing worked in a place that had no mechanical power was handwork, but handwork that 00:51:25.564 --> 00:51:34.212 - had a lot of value added. People would come from far to buy axes and sides from the sewer shop in the 00:51:34.212 --> 00:51:35.230 - early days. 00:51:35.458 --> 00:51:42.637 - That's what early manufacturing was like in Bloomington. Not much, but certain specialties. And it was 00:51:42.637 --> 00:51:49.746 - related, as they say, about sewer. People would come from miles around. Well, how did they get there? 00:51:49.746 --> 00:51:56.925 - Well, because Bloomington was a central place, it had some roads. It was beginning to have some roads. 00:51:56.925 --> 00:52:04.244 - This is a book about roads in the United States in 1814 with a map of Indiana. And Indiana had one road, 00:52:04.244 --> 00:52:05.150 - according to 00:52:05.442 --> 00:52:15.392 - this book in 1814. One road, it was the road called the Buffalo Trace from Jeffersonville to Vincennes. 00:52:15.392 --> 00:52:25.247 - But a few years later, when John Mellish, the cartographer here, made a map of Indiana, first in 1817, 00:52:25.247 --> 00:52:35.006 - this one is 1819, which has Monroe County on it, more roads appeared in the southern part of Indiana. 00:52:35.362 --> 00:52:45.800 - But Monroe, nothing, no roads rated being in this map. And north of Monroe County, as I've already said, 00:52:45.800 --> 00:52:55.841 - there was no surveyed places even, much less real roads. But this was a problem for Indiana, because 00:52:55.841 --> 00:53:05.086 - as you see with this map, the state itself was projected to go all the way to Lake Michigan. 00:53:05.218 --> 00:53:13.273 - The legislature in Indiana decided in 1821 to remove the capital of the state right to the middle of 00:53:13.273 --> 00:53:21.329 - the state. And they named it Indianapolis. And it didn't exist. And it was to be plopped down on the 00:53:21.329 --> 00:53:29.703 - White River as far north as they thought they could go at that time to be a central place for the state. 00:53:29.703 --> 00:53:32.574 - And on this map that this was made, 00:53:33.570 --> 00:53:42.876 - was made from somebody penciled in in Indianapolis. So it's to be a central place, but not yet. That's 00:53:42.876 --> 00:53:52.181 - a problem. It's kind of a bad thing to have a state capital with no roads. So that legislative session 00:53:52.181 --> 00:54:00.222 - in 1821 also authorized and authorized the subsidy of the building of a network of roads 00:54:00.418 --> 00:54:08.577 - in southern Indiana so that people could actually go to Indianapolis. And two of those roads involved 00:54:08.577 --> 00:54:16.736 - Bloomington. A road from Indianapolis to Bloomington and two roads from Bloomington to the Ohio River 00:54:16.736 --> 00:54:24.814 - were authorized in 1821. So Bloomington's chosen as the site for these roads because it's the county 00:54:24.814 --> 00:54:28.094 - seat, a central place, and would connect 00:54:29.122 --> 00:54:37.218 - Indianapolis to the Ohio River. One of those roads went to Fredonia in Ohio and the other was supposed 00:54:37.218 --> 00:54:45.549 - to go to Rockport. The Rockport Road never was finished, but some of it was built. You've probably driven 00:54:45.549 --> 00:54:49.086 - on it in Monroe County. It goes a few miles. 00:54:49.442 --> 00:54:57.439 - down to Popcorn or someplace like that and then sort of peters out. But it was originally supposed to 00:54:57.439 --> 00:55:05.358 - go to Rockport on the Ohio River and was authorized in 1821 to do that. So Bloomington had something 00:55:05.358 --> 00:55:13.276 - going for it. Not only did it have its own central place in the county, but it had a central role in 00:55:13.276 --> 00:55:18.686 - the state as well. We know these roads were used because this map of 00:55:18.818 --> 00:55:28.301 - Postal Roads in 1839 of Ohio and Indiana rates roads for being a four-horse male post coach road, a 00:55:28.301 --> 00:55:37.878 - two-horse road, and a one-horse road. So the roads are coded so you can see how decent they were. If 00:55:37.878 --> 00:55:42.430 - we look at Monroe County, Bloomington obviously 00:55:42.594 --> 00:55:51.495 - All roads lead to Bloomington according to the Postal Service of 1839. And one of those roads is a four-horse 00:55:51.495 --> 00:55:59.991 - postal coach road that goes north to south right through the heart of the county and does not go through 00:55:59.991 --> 00:56:08.568 - Mount Tabor or Fairfax. I will mention that because it becomes important as time goes by. Another measure 00:56:08.568 --> 00:56:11.966 - of the use of roads was stagecoach lines. 00:56:12.322 --> 00:56:21.976 - in this particular book from 1839, which is a Tourist and Immigrants Guide to the West, it has one stagecoach 00:56:21.976 --> 00:56:30.840 - line listed for Bloomington that mentions Bloomington. It's the Indianapolis to Fredonia line on the 00:56:30.840 --> 00:56:37.598 - Ohio River and here are the stops and these towns will look familiar to you. 00:56:37.730 --> 00:56:45.421 - The first one may not. Far west in Johnson County is gone. It's near where Waverly is. But then we've 00:56:45.421 --> 00:56:53.490 - got Martinsville, Bloomington, Springville, Bedford, Orleans, Paoli, Milltown, Leavenworth, and Freedonia. 00:56:53.490 --> 00:57:01.106 - Some of you, I think, are wondering, where the heck is Freedonia? Well, Freedonia had great plans in 00:57:01.106 --> 00:57:06.686 - the early years and was this county seat of Crawford County, but atrophy. 00:57:06.946 --> 00:57:15.056 - And if you go looking for Fredonia now, you can see their beautiful courthouse that was built in the 00:57:15.056 --> 00:57:23.165 - early 19th century. Fredonia's on Horseshoe Bend on the Ohio River. And here's what their courthouse 00:57:23.165 --> 00:57:31.516 - looks like now. So Fredonia disappeared. But meanwhile, in the 1870s, Bloomington had a courthouse that 00:57:31.516 --> 00:57:36.574 - looked like this. Bloomington was doing very well. Why's that? 00:57:36.738 --> 00:57:45.722 - Well, the answer to that is largely summed up in a single word. Railroad. The railroad. When the railroad 00:57:45.722 --> 00:57:54.706 - came to Bloomington, it came in 1854. North-South connected the Ohio River with Lake Michigan at Michigan 00:57:54.706 --> 00:58:03.690 - City. And this is a current scene of how the railroad cut through the center of town. This is the Beeline 00:58:03.690 --> 00:58:05.470 - Trail at 6th Street. 00:58:07.042 --> 00:58:16.375 - And here's that same scene from about the late 70s where you can see the remnant of the railroad as 00:58:16.375 --> 00:58:25.708 - it came through the city. And the old manufacturing part of the city followed this line. Here's the 00:58:25.708 --> 00:58:36.254 - engraving of the railroad of that era. And here's a map that shows the modern Monon line that goes from not just 00:58:36.674 --> 00:58:46.148 - from New Albany to Michigan City, but really did connect the Monon to Louisville and Indianapolis and 00:58:46.148 --> 00:58:55.622 - Chicago. But that's a 20th century story. This railroad was part of a huge growth of railroads, steam 00:58:55.622 --> 00:59:04.446 - railroad mileage. I'll focus in here on Indiana. In 1850, Indiana had about 200 miles of track 00:59:05.122 --> 00:59:15.150 - In 1860, it had 2,000 miles of track. Almost 2,000 miles of railroad were laid down in Indiana in the 00:59:15.150 --> 00:59:25.178 - 1850s. And a map shows this very well. Here's the railroads in Ohio and Indiana in 1850. Here's a map 00:59:25.178 --> 00:59:32.158 - of the railroads in Ohio and Indiana and Illinois in 1860 in 10 years. 00:59:32.290 --> 00:59:41.385 - Indianapolis, which didn't exist in 1820, has become a railroad center. Chicago, of course, Toledo, 00:59:41.385 --> 00:59:50.752 - Cincinnati, and Bloomington had its railroad as well. This is a railroad map of Indiana from 1858, and 00:59:50.752 --> 00:59:58.846 - it shows how the railroad came through the county, close to Harrodsburg, but then mainly 01:00:00.386 --> 01:00:09.146 - Smithville is a new railroad town. Bloomington is the main town on the line. It goes through Ellitsville 01:00:09.146 --> 01:00:17.655 - and then on north. And neither Mount Tabor nor Fairfax is on it. So the city then grew in a different 01:00:17.655 --> 01:00:26.415 - way because of the railroad. This is another railroad scene that as it looks today at 7th Street, that's 01:00:26.415 --> 01:00:29.502 - the beeline trail and a parking lot. 01:00:29.698 --> 01:00:38.372 - This is what it looked like in 1980, the remnants of a very large flour mill. And flour milling took 01:00:38.372 --> 01:00:47.217 - off in Bloomington because of the railroad. This is a scene, aerial scene of that center of town. Land 01:00:47.217 --> 01:00:56.664 - transportation and power in Bloomington. Well, in the county, it was water, water, water, but in Bloomington, 01:00:56.664 --> 01:00:59.326 - transportation is gonna now be 01:00:59.682 --> 01:01:08.907 - rail. No water needed for that except, as we'll see, to power the steam locomotives. And the power was 01:01:08.907 --> 01:01:17.864 - derived from coal. What railroads did is not only brought people and things in and out of the city, 01:01:17.864 --> 01:01:27.090 - but the main thing it did was bring coal into the city, cheap power for a revolution in manufacturing. 01:01:27.090 --> 01:01:28.254 - So this mill 01:01:28.578 --> 01:01:37.745 - is the culmination of many decades of milling on this site. This is a fire insurance map from the 1880s 01:01:37.745 --> 01:01:47.088 - that shows the Bloomington Milling Company. That's what you were looking at there. And it's a very modern 01:01:47.088 --> 01:01:55.550 - mill with the most modern kinds of milling equipment. They advertise Collins and Carcell's Mill 01:01:55.682 --> 01:02:04.478 - is the roller mill process. This was the best, newest kind of milling that was being done on machines 01:02:04.478 --> 01:02:12.671 - that were manufactured by the other railroad centers in the Midwest and places like Cincinnati 01:02:12.671 --> 01:02:21.381 - and Indianapolis. Nordyke and Marmon became one of the largest producers of milling equipment in the 01:02:21.381 --> 01:02:24.830 - United States and in the world, really. 01:02:26.338 --> 01:02:35.355 - That was in Indianapolis. And their factory in Indianapolis was where Lilly is now, the campus of Lilly's 01:02:35.355 --> 01:02:44.542 - manufacturing on Kentucky Avenue is where Nordyke Marmon was as early as 1876. This was a big manufacturing 01:02:44.542 --> 01:02:53.048 - operation making the machines for places like Bloomington to use. The other, the key machine is the 01:02:53.048 --> 01:02:54.494 - small dependable 01:02:55.074 --> 01:03:04.114 - mass-manufactured steam, stationary steam engine. And where did they make these? They made them in places 01:03:04.114 --> 01:03:13.069 - like, well, Indianapolis. Atlas Steam Engine Works was one of the largest manufacturers of steam engines 01:03:13.069 --> 01:03:21.086 - in the country. So this is an area-wide industrial revolution brought on by, largely by rail, 01:03:21.762 --> 01:03:30.106 - These companies could be in Indianapolis because Indianapolis is a railroad city and could bring coal 01:03:30.106 --> 01:03:38.940 - in and take machines out. And Bloomington was part of that process. The Collins and Carcell Mill advertised 01:03:38.940 --> 01:03:47.038 - itself as building a new story. It will assume Chicagoan proportions, it said, if this is kept up. 01:03:47.170 --> 01:03:54.555 - Well, it shows what the demands of business are in the Chicago of southern Indiana. So that's what, 01:03:54.555 --> 01:04:02.310 - whoa, Bloomington, that little, that's Bloomington, the Chicago of southern Indiana. What about Fairfax? 01:04:02.310 --> 01:04:09.843 - What happened to Fairfax? Remember these guys? Well, they moved to Bloomington. I mean, what else was 01:04:09.843 --> 01:04:16.638 - there to do? The railroad came to Bloomington, so did the Hilton's. And they went into, to, 01:04:16.834 --> 01:04:26.080 - various kinds of wholesale and retail dry goods, as well as milling, and bought a nice house on Rogers 01:04:26.080 --> 01:04:35.146 - Street, which still sits there at Rogers and 8th. And that is where their mill was, at 6th Street in 01:04:35.146 --> 01:04:42.238 - the railroad. It looked like this on a fire insurance map. This is before they 01:04:42.690 --> 01:04:50.297 - This was actually after they had taken it over, I think, but it shows Clear Creek there channelized 01:04:50.297 --> 01:04:57.904 - as a water source there on the left of the mill, and it shows the railroad on the right side of the 01:04:57.904 --> 01:05:05.588 - mill, right downtown. The downtown area of Bloomington was mainly strung out along the railroad, and 01:05:05.588 --> 01:05:12.510 - the railroad followed the central branch of Clear Creek. There was some manufacturing also 01:05:12.834 --> 01:05:20.150 - in the area of Lincoln and Fourth Street and Grant Street using water from the campus river, which it's 01:05:20.150 --> 01:05:27.395 - hard to see now, it's underground, but it flowed right where the, well, it's where the fire department 01:05:27.395 --> 01:05:34.641 - is at the corner of Lincoln and Fourth Street, which is why the fire department was ruined when it was 01:05:34.641 --> 01:05:42.238 - flooded a few years ago and had to be rebuilt. So that stream is completely underwater. The only thing left 01:05:42.754 --> 01:05:53.125 - From that area is Bruce Storm's house, the realtor, which was built in the 1850s. And first from a woolen 01:05:53.125 --> 01:06:02.909 - mill manufacturer. And then William Dill, one of the main millers in town, lived in that house. And 01:06:02.909 --> 01:06:08.094 - Dill and Breadwell took over the mill on 6th Street. 01:06:10.786 --> 01:06:19.742 - brought it into being a very important downtown business. This is an interesting ad for that particular 01:06:19.742 --> 01:06:28.697 - mill advertising Swan Down Flower brand name. And you might think, well, isn't that Swans Down? Is that 01:06:28.697 --> 01:06:38.686 - the name? Swans Down is the name of the real product that was manufactured in Evansville by the Eagleheart Company. 01:06:38.978 --> 01:06:46.548 - This is a rip-off. This is a knock-off of swans down. You can still buy swans down cake flour, but you 01:06:46.548 --> 01:06:54.191 - can't buy swan down flour anymore. This is what that mill looked like in its old days. And this is John 01:06:54.191 --> 01:07:01.541 - Breadwell's house on North Washington Street. I mean, it's what it looks like today. Breadwell's an 01:07:01.541 --> 01:07:08.670 - interesting character because it came from Avocca, a little town in Lawrence County. And Avocca, 01:07:08.866 --> 01:07:17.890 - has a nice cave spring. This is it, the way it looks today. But that's not good enough in the post-Civil 01:07:17.890 --> 01:07:26.742 - War era. Steam is better than water. And Bridwell abandoned his dad down there in Aboca and went first 01:07:26.742 --> 01:07:35.337 - to Bedford and then to Bloomington to carry the milling business into the era of steam. And the era 01:07:35.337 --> 01:07:36.798 - of coal. Coal is 01:07:37.250 --> 01:07:45.780 - used by everybody in Bloomington. The Seward Company adds a coal engine. They put the horse out to pasture 01:07:45.780 --> 01:07:53.831 - and switched to coal and steam for running the bellows and the forage. This is the Seward Company on 01:07:53.831 --> 01:08:02.281 - Walnut Street, and then they moved to West 8th Street. Another east side company from before the railroad 01:08:02.281 --> 01:08:05.470 - age is the Showers Company, which was a 01:08:05.826 --> 01:08:15.796 - 9th and Grant Street and they had a good business there. This burned in the 1880s and they moved to 01:08:15.796 --> 01:08:26.164 - the west side and continued to add on with these kinds of buildings well into the 20th century. So this 01:08:26.164 --> 01:08:33.342 - is from the 18, I think it's 1884, this particular picture. The showers 01:08:33.570 --> 01:08:41.643 - company eventually expanded all the way from 8th Street up to 11th Street. So here's a letterhead from 01:08:41.643 --> 01:08:49.872 - the showers company. You've seen pictures like this before of the big campus for furniture manufacturing 01:08:49.872 --> 01:08:58.494 - that they developed in Bloomington. I like this one. It's a typical engraving from the late 19th century that 01:08:58.786 --> 01:09:06.526 - plays up how black their smoke was from their boilers because they burned a hell of a lot of coal to 01:09:06.526 --> 01:09:14.267 - make this furniture and they wanted you to know it. The other business that came into Bloomington at 01:09:14.267 --> 01:09:22.084 - this time solely dependent on the railroad was the limestone milling business. This is a map from the 01:09:22.084 --> 01:09:27.678 - early 20th century that shows the mills along the railroad corridor from 01:09:28.322 --> 01:09:37.228 - first street all the way down to Grimes Lane and even farther south as well, down past Grimes and along 01:09:37.228 --> 01:09:45.877 - the railroad yards. These were all mills that depended entirely on steam machinery and coal. This is 01:09:45.877 --> 01:09:54.868 - an aerial view in the 20th century of these mills. That's right through the middle there is Grimes Lane. 01:09:54.868 --> 01:09:57.694 - The road on the right is Walnut. 01:09:57.986 --> 01:10:08.762 - And those are the mills, stone mills near the railroad yard that was developing in the late 19th century. 01:10:08.762 --> 01:10:19.640 - One of the families that was very important in the limestone trade was Hoadley. This is their mill between 01:10:19.640 --> 01:10:21.470 - Grimes and Allen. 01:10:21.762 --> 01:10:29.870 - If you look at, if we look at this closely, you can see its relationship obviously with the railroad. 01:10:29.870 --> 01:10:38.057 - It's right on the railroad. This is by the, where the junk, where the car junkyard is now. But they've 01:10:38.057 --> 01:10:46.244 - got a special track, a switch running in there just to deliver coal, coal shed, coal dump, powerhouse, 01:10:46.244 --> 01:10:49.662 - and everything is run by coal fired steam. 01:10:49.890 --> 01:10:57.850 - Land transportation and power for the city of Bloomington, for the county, was water, water, water. 01:10:57.850 --> 01:11:06.049 - For the city of Bloomington, it was mainly manufacturing the raw materials, was wood and stone brought 01:11:06.049 --> 01:11:14.248 - in by rail, transportation by rail, and steam power with coal brought in by rail. So rail, Bloomington 01:11:14.248 --> 01:11:19.422 - was where it is as a central place. It had no real natural claim 01:11:19.746 --> 01:11:27.936 - geographically for manufacturing. Everything was human political geography. And it all involved bringing 01:11:27.936 --> 01:11:36.048 - things into the city. And coal was the key. Now, this is sort of the end of the story, because the 20th 01:11:36.048 --> 01:11:43.926 - century is a big story of its own. And I want to stop this soon, but I'll give you a little bit of a 01:11:43.926 --> 01:11:48.606 - look into the 20th century. But coal is the key thing here. 01:11:48.738 --> 01:11:57.030 - political and human geography trumps physical geography in a place like Bloomington. But the key thing 01:11:57.030 --> 01:12:05.403 - that was missing for Bloomington was water. They didn't need water for transportation. They didn't need 01:12:05.403 --> 01:12:10.878 - it for power. But they kind of did. Steam is water. All of the work 01:12:11.170 --> 01:12:19.938 - involved water that Bloomington didn't have, and that was the constraint on Bloomington's development 01:12:19.938 --> 01:12:28.879 - by the late 19th century. As early as 1883, the Sanborn Fire Insurance Map publishing company and their 01:12:28.879 --> 01:12:37.733 - logo here rates Bloomington's water facilities as not good. That's an understatement. They were pretty 01:12:37.733 --> 01:12:39.710 - terrible, and they got 01:12:40.162 --> 01:12:49.215 - I mean, a nice spring is a lovely thing, but it's not good enough for large-scale manufacturing. So 01:12:49.215 --> 01:12:58.811 - what happened? I'll give you five minutes here of looking ahead. I guess the big picture of what happened 01:12:58.811 --> 01:13:07.774 - in the 20th century is limestone mills become wedding venues. But it's more complicated than that. 01:13:07.874 --> 01:13:16.258 - Here's an aerial view of industrial Bloomington in the early 20th century. The street across the bottom 01:13:16.258 --> 01:13:24.480 - there is Fairview. We're looking east from Fairview Street across the Shawnee Central Limestone Mill, 01:13:24.480 --> 01:13:32.622 - which is now the Bloomington Iron and Metal Scrapyard. We're looking across that. We look across the 01:13:32.622 --> 01:13:34.718 - railroad where it curves. 01:13:34.914 --> 01:13:44.193 - and crosses Rogers Street to the enormous campus of showers that extends all the way from 8th to 11th 01:13:44.193 --> 01:13:53.290 - Street. So that's Bloomington at its peak. The limestone industry, showers, everybody, IU, they all 01:13:53.290 --> 01:14:02.842 - complained about the lack of good, reliable water. This is what the Shawnee Central Limestone Mill looks 01:14:02.842 --> 01:14:03.934 - like today. 01:14:04.130 --> 01:14:12.590 - Just a few scraps of the superstructure of the mill in the scrap yard now of BIM, Bloomington Iron and 01:14:12.590 --> 01:14:20.967 - Metal. Here's another view. If you look closely, you can see there's actually some stone on that wall 01:14:20.967 --> 01:14:29.592 - that's still standing, but that's what it looks like today. The only mill I think that is kind of intact 01:14:29.592 --> 01:14:33.534 - is a later one, a Hoadley Mill that's on Walnut 01:14:33.922 --> 01:14:43.890 - and Miller Drive. The only thing that's in there now is CrossFit. But it still has a roof. It still 01:14:43.890 --> 01:14:54.057 - has its walls. Inside, it's pretty junky. All of the limestone industry moved out of town in the 20th 01:14:54.057 --> 01:15:02.430 - century. And the corridor of limestone mills is now completely something different. 01:15:02.722 --> 01:15:13.981 - One of the buildings that still stands right down on Walnut Street at Dodds is the office of the Bloomington 01:15:13.981 --> 01:15:24.414 - Limestone Company, and it's now the office of Lent-Lauren Wood Builders. Another building that still 01:15:24.414 --> 01:15:32.574 - stands is an office building of the Fagan Stone Company that's along at Dodds. 01:15:32.994 --> 01:15:42.108 - beeline trail by hopscotch coffee. There were quarries in the city at one time. Those are almost entirely 01:15:42.108 --> 01:15:50.792 - gone, filled in, and disappeared. This is one at the edge of the city. I think it may be in the city 01:15:50.792 --> 01:15:59.476 - limits now. It's a Woolery quarry. But quarrying has moved out into the countryside. The only quarry 01:15:59.476 --> 01:16:00.766 - that I know of 01:16:01.314 --> 01:16:09.582 - deep within the heart of the city is this quarry that's a long hillside, a hillside and highland in 01:16:09.582 --> 01:16:17.933 - the old Sarkis-Tarsian estate that hasn't been filled in or attached, but there were others in town. 01:16:17.933 --> 01:16:20.414 - Showers, some of the building 01:16:20.802 --> 01:16:27.406 - The main building still exists and repurposed as City Hall and as a business center, but Showers is 01:16:27.406 --> 01:16:34.075 - gone. The story of what happened to the limestone business in the city and to Showers is for another 01:16:34.075 --> 01:16:40.745 - day. The railroads. Well, one of the railroads, this one that was built in 1906 is still there. It's 01:16:40.745 --> 01:16:47.481 - just right outside the window here. When you go out in the parking lot, you can look down and see it. 01:16:47.481 --> 01:16:49.726 - That's where I took this picture. 01:16:50.178 --> 01:16:58.538 - right by the Legion Hall here, still runs to the east-west. But the main railroad in town is gone. This 01:16:58.538 --> 01:17:06.818 - is a view of McDowell Yards from Grimes Lane. That's Grimes Lane there across the middle, looking down 01:17:06.818 --> 01:17:15.259 - with a warehouse on one side and a small building on the other. This is what that scene looks like today 01:17:15.259 --> 01:17:19.198 - with Beeline Trail going overhead across Grimes. 01:17:19.362 --> 01:17:27.695 - the railroad in the limestone mill district where the mills have been replaced by downtown houses and 01:17:27.695 --> 01:17:35.865 - coffee shop, that's hopscotch coffee at Dodds. So what about water? Okay, a little bit on water and 01:17:35.865 --> 01:17:44.526 - then I'll let you go. The key to finally to getting water and it's a complicated one was Griffey, Griffey 01:17:44.526 --> 01:17:46.078 - Lake in the 1920s. 01:17:46.242 --> 01:17:54.053 - was a lake that held water, and water could be moved into the city. This was the salvation of Bloomington. 01:17:54.053 --> 01:18:01.425 - Even when Griffey got small, another lake was built on Bean Blossom Creek to the east, the northeast 01:18:01.425 --> 01:18:08.871 - limit. This is a scene of Lake Lemon from Riddle Point. And then, of course, Lake Monroe, the biggest 01:18:08.871 --> 01:18:15.806 - reservoir in the state. And this is Fairfax. That pointed area there is where the village was. 01:18:16.066 --> 01:18:24.908 - and now Fairfax is in Marina. And what I want to end with though here is a failed scheme, which is the 01:18:24.908 --> 01:18:33.579 - Twin Lakes Reservoir of 1890s. And this is one of the Twin Lakes. It still has some water in it, but 01:18:33.579 --> 01:18:42.164 - these lakes leaked and it never worked well. But the effort to do this brought Bloomington into the 01:18:42.164 --> 01:18:45.598 - modern age of being an industrial city. 01:18:46.498 --> 01:18:54.681 - everything then was replaced by human geography and that is bringing water from some other watershed 01:18:54.681 --> 01:19:03.026 - into the city along with natural resources and coal. This is the main lake of Twin Lakes now converted 01:19:03.026 --> 01:19:11.290 - into softball fields and I stand up on the hillside there imagining my car down there under water but 01:19:11.290 --> 01:19:15.422 - all the water's leaked out and Twin Lakes has been 01:19:15.554 --> 01:19:25.237 - drained long ago. But there was a time, this is the pump house at Twin Lakes in 1895, when this was 01:19:25.237 --> 01:19:35.017 - to be a state of the art of a fully human choices of geography, trumping natural geography, bringing 01:19:35.017 --> 01:19:44.990 - water up over the hills into the city of Bloomington with steam powered pumps. And so the last picture 01:19:45.090 --> 01:19:53.325 - I'll show you here, is the one I showed you before. This is one of the sources of Twin Lakes. This is 01:19:53.325 --> 01:20:01.559 - the spring that's sometimes called the East Stony Creek of the two main springs that tried their best 01:20:01.559 --> 01:20:10.036 - to fill Twin Lakes. I love this picture, not only because my granddaughter's in it, but because it shows 01:20:10.036 --> 01:20:12.862 - Bloomington in three eras. One is, 01:20:13.090 --> 01:20:21.201 - This is what water looked like in Bloomington in 1820. This was then the second era. This is what water 01:20:21.201 --> 01:20:29.312 - looked like when it poured into the Twin Lakes Reservoir to boost industry in the city. That's all gone 01:20:29.312 --> 01:20:37.345 - now. And this is what it looks like today. So many things have changed in Bloomington. Many things are 01:20:37.345 --> 01:20:43.038 - completely gone. But some things have remained. And this is one of them. 01:20:44.450 --> 01:20:45.118 - That's it.